ANVE Axis Network Video Exam Questions and Answers

When a camera is zoomed out, the field of view increases, causing each object or movement to cover fewer pixels. As a result, more pixels need to change to trigger motion detection. This means the motion detection sensitivity may be reduced unless adjustments are made to the detection settings. For more information, refer to Axis Communications' motion detection setup guides.

To reduce the impact on recorded video during server maintenance, Video Management Software (VMS) partners can incorporate local storage at the camera. This feature allows the camera to continue recording video on its internal storage (such as an SD card) during network or server downtime, ensuring continuous video capture. Once the server is back online, the recorded footage can be transferred back to the central storage. Axis cameras support local storage options, which are detailed in Axis Communications' product documentation and VMS integration guides.

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In a network surveillance installation, the primary purpose of a switch is to forward the video stream to the correct receiver within a network. This functionality ensures that the video data captured by cameras is correctly directed to the appropriate storage device, monitoring station, or viewing client within the local network. Switches operate at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model and utilize MAC addresses to ensure that data packets reach their intended destination efficiently.

When controlling an analog PTZ camera using the Pelco D protocol, the Device ID (sometimes referred to as the address or camera ID) is crucial for ensuring that the correct commands are sent to the intended camera. If channel 1 is controlling the wrong analog PTZ camera, adjusting the Device ID will correct this without the need to change physical cables. Each PTZ camera must have a unique Device ID to ensure proper control within the system. Axis Network Video documentation details the setup and configuration of PTZ control protocols, including the importance of correctly assigning Device IDs.

To ensure that a surveillance system is not easily sabotaged, it's important to position cameras so that each camera is visible to at least one other camera. This overlapping field of view allows for continuous monitoring even if one camera is tampered with or disabled, providing a higher level of security and redundancy. [Reference: Axis Communications - Surveillance System Design]

12 V and 24 V DC power sources are becoming increasingly popular compared to 24 V AC because it is easier to back-up DC with batteries. DC power systems can be directly connected to battery backup systems without the need for conversion, making the implementation simpler and more reliable during power outages. This efficiency in backup capability is one of the primary reasons for the shift from AC to DC in many applications, including surveillance systems. [Reference: Axis Communications - Power over Ethernet for Network Cameras]

Day & Night cameras from Axis are designed to switch to a low-light mode by removing the IR-cut filter, making them sensitive to infrared light. In this mode, the cameras are most sensitive to IR light at a wavelength of 850 nm, which is commonly used in IR illuminators for night vision. This wavelength provides a good balance between visibility and discreetness, allowing the camera to capture clear images in low-light conditions. Axis Network Video documentation details the sensitivity range and performance characteristics of Day & Night cameras, emphasizing the importance of 850 nm wavelength for optimal night-time performance.

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To achieve four H.264 streams at 30 fps from the same camera product that can deliver two full resolution 30 fps H.264 streams, the resolution of the streams must be decreased. By lowering the resolution, the camera reduces the amount of data processed and transmitted for each stream, making it possible to support additional streams. Axis Network Video documentation indicates that stream configuration, including resolution and frame rate adjustments, allows cameras to manage multiple streams effectively while maintaining performance.

The IP51 and IP52 ratings indicate that the camera is protected against dust and dripping water. IP51 means the camera is protected against dust ingress to a level that would interfere with the operation and against vertically dripping water. IP52 offers the same dust protection but also protects against dripping water when tilted up to 15 degrees. These ratings make the cameras suitable for indoor use where dust and minor water exposure might occur. Axis Network Video documentation specifies the IP rating system and the levels of protection provided by different ratings.

Using VLANs and IP subnets in a network infrastructure helps segregate surveillance video traffic from other network traffic. This separation improves network security by limiting access to authorized devices only and reducing the risk of video interception by malicious users. It does not inherently provide encryption or establish encrypted communication links, but it enhances security by isolating sensitive video streams. Detailed explanations can be found in Axis Communications network design guides and security best practices documents.

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An increase in bandwidth and storage can be caused by high noise levels and high image resolution. High noise levels, often due to low-light conditions, result in larger file sizes because the noise needs to be encoded along with the actual image data. Higher image resolution increases the amount of data captured, thus requiring more bandwidth for transmission and more storage space. [Reference: Axis Communications - Bandwidth and Storage Considerations]

When installing a camera outdoors to an existing pole, the most important consideration is that the camera has to be ruggedized. Outdoor environments expose cameras to harsh weather conditions, varying temperatures, and potential physical impacts. Ruggedized cameras are designed to withstand these conditions, ensuring reliable performance and longevity.

True security when using HTTPS on Axis products is implemented after a signed certificate is installed. This certificate ensures that the communication between the camera and the server is encrypted and authenticated, providing a secure channel that prevents unauthorized access and tampering.

Among the given options, the requirement for face recognition at 70 meters (230 feet) is the most demanding and often unrealistic for most surveillance cameras. Current camera technology, even with high resolution and frame rates, typically cannot achieve reliable face recognition at such a long distance. Therefore, option D is the correct answer. For more detailed information, refer to Axis Communications' specifications on camera capabilities and face recognition technologies.

Axis P-iris technology is designed to optimize the iris position for optimal depth of field, resolution, and image contrast. It also helps in managing challenging lighting conditions such as backlighting by controlling the amount of light reaching the image sensor. This allows the camera to produce clear images even when facing direct sunlight or other bright light sources.

To ensure the AXIS P3347 always delivers the full frame rate of 30 fps even in darker conditions, setting the priority to frame rate is the correct option. This setting ensures that the camera maintains a constant frame rate by adjusting other parameters like exposure time and gain accordingly. This is essential in maintaining video smoothness and capturing real-time motion without dropping frames.

When choosing between a camera with good low light performance and a thermal camera, the specific conditions of the installation site are crucial. For scenarios such as:

A. A primarily dark area like a subway or parking garage, a camera with good low light performance is necessary to capture detailed images in low light conditions where visible light is minimal.

C. In a parking lot for facial identification, good low light performance is essential to ensure that the camera can capture clear and recognizable facial features, even in low light situations.

Thermal cameras, while effective in detecting heat signatures, are not suitable for capturing detailed visual information such as facial identification.

Axis P-iris technology is designed to optimize the camera's aperture to achieve better image quality. By precisely controlling the iris opening, P-iris technology can maintain the ideal aperture size for various lighting conditions. This helps limit optical artifacts such as diffraction and spherical aberration, ensuring sharp and clear images. While it can contribute to improved low light performance and reduce motion blur, its main advantage is optimizing the aperture to limit artifacts. Axis Network Video documentation explains that P-iris provides more precise iris control compared to traditional DC-iris, leading to enhanced image quality.

The most effective and time-saving way to adjust the focus on the AXIS M3204 camera while onsite is using the remote zoom and focus feature. This feature allows installers to precisely adjust the camera’s zoom and focus settings from a remote location, saving significant time and effort compared to manual adjustments. The AXIS M3204’s specifications and installation guides highlight this feature as a key benefit for efficient setup and maintenance.

According to Johnson's criteria, the detection range for a person with an AXIS Q1921 with a 60 mm lens in clear weather is 1200 meters (3900 feet). This means that a human observer is able to detect a person at this distance with a 50% probability. Johnson's criteria is a widely accepted method for calculating the probability of detection, recognition, and identification of objects in surveillance imagery.

When using a wireless network for video surveillance, protecting the video stream is crucial to prevent unauthorized access and ensure data integrity. VPN (Virtual Private Network) encrypts the data transmitted over the network, providing a secure tunnel between the camera and the viewing/recording device. WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) is a security protocol that encrypts wireless traffic, ensuring that only authorized users can access the network.

Audio detection in Axis cameras is used to detect changes in decibel levels, which can indicate unusual or noteworthy events such as alarms, breaking glass, or raised voices. This functionality does not necessarily require a built-in microphone; it can also work with external microphones. The primary function is to trigger alerts or recordings based on significant changes in the audio environment. Axis Network Video documentation outlines the use of audio detection for enhancing security by monitoring for specific sound patterns or levels.

The AXISP7214 encoder is designed to support multiple video streams per channel and is capable of delivering high frame rates and resolutions, such as D1 resolution at 30 fps in H.264 format. This encoder can handle the strict requirements of delivering 30 fps for recorded video while managing three streams per channel. Axis Network Video documentation specifies that the AXISP7214 is optimized for high-performance video encoding, making it suitable for applications demanding multiple streams and high frame rates.

A zoom lens maintains focus when changing field of view, whereas a varifocal lens does not necessarily maintain focus when changing the focal length. This means that with a zoom lens, you can zoom in or out and the focus will remain sharp, which is particularly useful for applications requiring continuous focus adjustments. In contrast, varifocal lenses need to be refocused after adjusting the focal length. This distinction is important in video surveillance to ensure clear image capture at varying distances.

The P-iris (Precise Iris Control) technology in Axis cameras ensures optimal image quality by precisely controlling the iris position. In bright lighting conditions, P-iris prevents the iris from closing too much, which can cause blurring due to diffraction. Instead, it maintains an optimal iris opening to balance depth of field and image sharpness. For more information, consult Axis Communications' technical notes on P-iris technology.

Axis cameras that have model numbers ending with -E are specifically designed for extreme environments, including those with high temperatures. These cameras are built to withstand harsh conditions and provide reliable performance in challenging environments. The -E designation indicates enhanced durability and temperature tolerance, making them suitable for installations in locations where standard cameras might fail. Axis Network Video documentation highlights the features and specifications of these ruggedized camera models.

AXIS Camera Management (ACM) is a powerful tool for managing multiple Axis network devices efficiently. With ACM, administrators can apply templates to devices, which streamlines the configuration process by allowing predefined settings to be distributed across multiple devices. Additionally, ACM facilitates the upgrading of firmware on Axis devices, ensuring that all cameras and encoders are up-to-date with the latest features and security patches. Axis Network Video documentation highlights these capabilities as key features of ACM, enhancing the overall management and maintenance of surveillance systems.

The Group of Video (GOV) length setting affects both the bandwidth and storage requirements of video streams. A longer GOV length, which specifies the interval between keyframes in a video stream, reduces the frequency of keyframes, thus lowering the bandwidth consumption. However, it can also increase the storage time on an SD card because fewer keyframes are stored over a given period, making the video stream more compression-efficient.

H.264 is a video compression standard that adjusts the bit rate based on the motion in the scene. Increased motion results in a higher bit rate because more data is required to accurately represent the changes between frames. Additionally, a longer Group of Video (GOV) length, which means fewer I-frames and more P-frames in a sequence, reduces the overall bit rate since I-frames are larger and require more data. References can be found in the Axis Communications documentation and technical white papers on H.264 compression.

Increased noise levels in a scene typically result in higher bandwidth usage. Noise introduces additional variations in the video signal, which the compression algorithm must encode, leading to increased data rates. This is particularly noticeable in low-light conditions where electronic noise can significantly impact the video stream. Axis Network Video documentation explains that noise reduction techniques and proper lighting can help manage and reduce the bandwidth impact caused by increased noise levels in surveillance video.

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Multicast video streaming has several important characteristics:

A. Multicast can help to save bandwidth in a network because it allows the same video stream to be delivered to multiple users simultaneously, reducing the need for multiple unicast streams.

B. Multicast can typically not be used to provide video over the internet because many routers and firewalls do not support multicast traffic across the internet, which is more suited for local network environments.

D. Multicast extends the viewer capacity of a camera or an encoder from 10-20 to an unlimited number, as it does not rely on multiple individual connections to distribute the video stream.

To identify people with 80 pixels per face in a hallway that is 2.5 meters wide, a minimum resolution of 1280x720 (720p) is needed. This resolution ensures sufficient pixel density to capture detailed facial features necessary for identification purposes. Given the width of the hallway and the required pixel density, 720p provides the necessary coverage and detail.

When dealing with a poorly lit scene, adding light is the most effective option to improve image quality. Proper illumination ensures that the camera's sensor can capture clear and detailed images, reducing noise and enhancing visibility. While adjusting exposure settings, brightness, or changing camera placement can help, they are secondary to the fundamental requirement of adequate lighting.

Axis thermal cameras are designed to detect activity in both daylight and complete darkness by capturing the heat emitted by objects and people. Unlike traditional cameras that rely on visible light, thermal cameras are effective in various lighting conditions, including complete darkness, fog, smoke, and even camouflaged objects. This makes them suitable for perimeter protection and monitoring in challenging environments. [Reference: Axis Communications - Thermal Cameras]

If the live Motion JPEG video appears pixelated without digital zoom, decreasing the image compression would be the best approach to improve the image quality. Higher compression reduces the amount of data and can result in pixelation. By lowering the compression, the image retains more data and detail, thus reducing pixelation.

Using PoE (Power over Ethernet) to power cameras helps keep them running during a power outage because PoE cameras are centrally powered from the Ethernet switches, which are often backed up by an uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This means that in the event of a power failure, the UPS can provide temporary power to the switches and, consequently, to the connected PoE cameras, ensuring continuous operation.

The primary purpose of a router is to forward traffic between different networks, such as between a local network and the internet. This is essential for directing data packets to their correct destinations across diverse networks. Therefore, the correct answer is B. For more detailed information, refer to Axis Communications' documentation on networking fundamentals and router functions.

In a network surveillance installation, a router's primary function is to forward data packets, including video streams, between different networks. This allows devices on separate networks to communicate with each other, enabling the transmission of video feeds from cameras to recording devices or viewing stations located on different network segments. [Reference: Axis Communications - Network Infrastructure for Surveillance Systems]

To achieve identification at 80 pixels per face for a scene that is 2 meters (6 feet 7 inches) wide, a minimum resolution of 1280 x 720 is needed. This calculation ensures that each face captured in the frame meets the pixel density requirement for clear identification purposes.

For multicast streaming to be effective, the network infrastructure must support multicast protocols. This involves network switches and routers that can handle multicast traffic, allowing video streams to be efficiently distributed to multiple clients simultaneously. Multicast reduces the load on the network by sending a single stream of data to multiple receivers, making it essential for large-scale surveillance deployments. [Reference: Axis Communications - Multicast Streaming Requirements]

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The inverse square law of light intensity states that the intensity of light is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the light source. Given that the light intensity is 1024 lux at 1 meter, we can calculate the distance at which the intensity would be 256 lux.

Since 256 lux is one-fourth of 1024 lux, and the inverse square law states that intensity is proportional to 1/d21/d^21/d2, the distance must be doubled to reduce the intensity by a factor of four. Therefore, the distance at which the light intensity is 256 lux is 2 meters. [Reference: Axis Communications - Illumination Basics]

"Semi-covert IR illumination typically operates at 850 nm. This wavelength produces a faint red glow that is somewhat visible to the human eye, making it 'semi-covert.'"

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"850 nm is considered semi-covert, while 940 nm is fully covert."

— Axis OptimizedIR Guide

"AXIS Live Privacy Shield enables real-time dynamic masking of objects such as faces and license plates in live and recorded video streams, helping with GDPR compliance."

— Axis Live Privacy Shield Product Page

"This analytics application can automatically mask or blur license plates and people in video streams."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

The corridor format is particularly useful for scenes such as the one depicted because it optimizes the camera's field of view for narrow, vertical areas. Traditional horizontal formats waste much of the frame on walls or empty spaces when monitoring hallways, staircases, or aisles. By rotating the camera 90 degrees and using the corridor format, you maximize the vertical field of view, allowing for better coverage and more effective surveillance in such environments. Axis Communications documents and product guides frequently highlight this advantage for corridor format applications.

The camera sensors in Axis’ multidirectional cameras can be individually adjusted. This flexibility allows each sensor to be positioned independently, enabling optimal coverage of the desired areas. Such adjustability ensures that a single camera unit can cover multiple directions or areas, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the surveillance setup. Axis' multidirectional camera specifications and manuals provide detailed information on this feature.

PTZ cameras use lasers to measure the distance to the target, which allows for quick and accurate focusing. The laser range finder determines the precise distance between the camera and the subject, enabling the camera to adjust its focus optimally. This technology ensures that the camera can focus rapidly and accurately, even in challenging lighting conditions or when the target is moving. Axis Communications' technical specifications for PTZ cameras confirm that laser technology is employed to enhance focus performance by providing target distance information.

When using AXIS People Counter, the camera lens must be facing straight down. This positioning ensures the most accurate counting of people as they pass through the monitored area. The overhead view eliminates obstructions and provides a clear field of vision directly below the camera, which is essential for precise counting. This recommendation is verified by Axis Communications' guidelines on deploying the AXIS People Counter application.

Variable bitrate (VBR) is a video encoding method that adjusts the bitrate according to the complexity of the video scene. The primary advantage of VBR is that it maintains image quality, even in high-motion scenes, by allocating more bitrate when needed and reducing it during simpler scenes. This ensures consistent image quality while optimizing the use of bandwidth. Axis Communications’ documentation on video compression and bitrate management confirms the benefits of VBR in maintaining image quality.

Axis Sharpdome technology provides the advantage of enabling PTZ cameras to see above the horizon. This innovative design allows for 360-degree coverage and significantly enhances the field of view, making it possible to monitor areas both above and below the camera’s position without distortion. This feature is particularly beneficial for applications requiring extensive coverage and flexible monitoring angles. Axis Communications' product details on Sharpdome technology highlight this capability.

IEEE 802.1X is a network access control protocol that provides port-based authentication. It is used to secure wireless and wired networks by requiring devices to authenticate before gaining access to network resources. This protocol helps ensure that only authorized devices can connect to the network, enhancing security. References: Axis Communications product documentation on network security and port-based authentication.

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is used to set up peer-to-remote calls, peer-to-peer calls, and SIP trunk calls. SIP is a signaling protocol widely used for initiating, maintaining, and terminating real-time communication sessions, including voice, video, and messaging applications. It facilitates communication between endpoints, whether they are directly connected or through a SIP trunk. Axis Communications' technical documentation on SIP and VoIP solutions confirms these uses.

“For covering narrow aisles, a vertical aspect ratio such as 9:16 is preferred as it matches the shape of the scene, allowing for better coverage and detail along the aisle’s length.”

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

“The corridor format (9:16 aspect ratio) maximizes image usability in vertically oriented scenes, such as warehouse aisles or hallways.”

— Axis Corridor Format Technology

The main purpose of an HDMI output on a camera is for connecting to a public view monitor (PVM). This allows live video feed from the camera to be displayed directly on monitors in public areas, which can act as a deterrent against theft or unwanted behavior. Axis documentation states that HDMI outputs are used to provide real-time video display for public viewing, enhancing security presence and situational awareness.

View areas enable multiview streaming by allowing users to stream different parts of the camera's field of view simultaneously. This includes the ability to stream both optically zoomed-in views and the full, normal views at the same time. This feature enhances monitoring flexibility and situational awareness by providing multiple perspectives from a single camera feed. Axis documentation on multiview streaming explains how view areas can be configured to deliver both zoomed and wide-angle views concurrently, facilitating comprehensive surveillance.

"When a lens intended for a larger sensor is used on a smaller sensor camera, the projected image circle does not fully cover the sensor area, causing vignetting or black corners in the image."

— Axis Lens Guide White Paper

"Black corners or vignetting often result from a mismatch between lens and sensor size."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

Portcast technology can add audio and I/O functionality to a camera. It allows for the integration of additional functionalities such as audio inputs and outputs, as well as input/output ports for various sensors and devices. This feature enhances the capabilities of the camera beyond just video recording. This information is corroborated by Axis Communications' technical documentation and product guides.

“Adjusting the white balance setting can correct color inaccuracies caused by different lighting conditions, such as the orange tint seen under sodium-vapor street lamps.”

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

“White balance ensures that white objects are rendered as white in the image, improving overall color fidelity.”

— Axis White Balance Technical Guide

Axis Official Documentation Extract:

“The unique design of the Sharpdome enables an innovative viewing experience, allowing the PTZ camera to see above its own horizon, giving more usable coverage, especially on uneven terrain or in hilly cities. This capability is called Axis Sharpdome technology.”

— Source: AXIS Q61 Series Sharpdome Technology

Supporting Extract from Axis Study Guide:

“Sharpdome technology allows PTZ cameras to deliver sharp images in all directions, and for the first time, the camera can view above the horizon, which is not possible with conventional dome cameras.”

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

To prevent reflections from built-in IR illuminators from degrading the image quality, an installer can adjust the camera's field of view. By repositioning the camera or slightly altering its angle, the installer can minimize the direct reflection of IR light back into the lens, which often causes glare and reduces image clarity. Axis installation guidelines recommend adjusting the camera’s position to avoid reflective surfaces and ensure optimal use of IR illumination for clear, unobstructed images.

Germanium is used for thermal camera lenses because it is transparent to infrared wavelengths. This transparency allows infrared radiation to pass through the lens and reach the camera sensor, enabling the capture of thermal images. Germanium's optical properties make it an ideal material for thermal imaging applications. References: Axis Communications thermal camera specifications and technical documentation.

The reason why the camera is not blinded by the headlights is that an IR-pass filter is in use. This filter blocks out visible light, including the bright headlights, and allows only infrared light to pass through. This is particularly useful in nighttime surveillance scenarios where the camera can rely on infrared illumination instead of visible light, ensuring clear visibility even in the presence of bright lights like headlights.

A P-iris lens has better iris control in all lighting conditions. P-iris (Precise iris) lenses are designed to optimize the depth of field, contrast, and resolution of the camera by precisely controlling the iris opening, ensuring optimal image quality in varying light conditions. This technology is superior to manual, fixed, and DC-iris lenses. Axis Communications' product specifications highlight the benefits of P-iris lenses in maintaining image quality across different lighting scenarios.

"The Axis lens calculator helps users determine the pixel density at various distances, helping to ensure coverage meets surveillance requirements (such as detection, recognition, and identification)."

— Axis Lens Calculator Tool

"Pixel density calculations are essential for planning surveillance installations and the lens calculator provides this information based on camera and lens parameters."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"Axis body worn cameras are designed to offload their recordings via docking stations, ensuring secure and efficient transfer of video files."

— Axis Body Worn Solutions Overview

"Docking stations are used for offloading, charging, and management of body worn camera data."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"The AXIS Camera Application Platform (ACAP) enables the development and deployment of edge applications directly on Axis devices, allowing for advanced analytics and custom functionality."

— Axis Camera Application Platform Overview

"ACAP is an open platform that allows partners and users to develop and run applications on Axis network devices."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

“The interval between two I-frames (intra-coded frames) in a compressed video stream is called the Group of Pictures (GOP). The GOP defines how many frames are between full image frames and is a key concept in video compression.”

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

“A GOP (Group of Pictures) consists of one I-frame followed by a series of P-frames and B-frames, until the next I-frame appears.”

— Axis Web Article: Video Compression

To minimize the risk of losing recordings if there is a disconnect between the camera and the server, failover recordings are recommended. This involves having a secondary recording location, such as an SD card in the camera, that can store video footage temporarily until the connection to the server is restored. This ensures continuous recording and prevents data loss. Axis Communications' documentation on system reliability and failover solutions supports this recommendation.

Image flickering on an AXIS P1344 can often be attributed to the camera's exposure settings. Flickering is usually caused by lighting conditions that fluctuate at a frequency different from the camera's current exposure settings, leading to the perception of flicker. Adjusting the exposure settings can synchronize the camera with the lighting conditions, thus reducing or eliminating the flickering issue. This can be done by accessing the camera’s web interface and navigating to the image settings to adjust the exposure mode or exposure value. According to Axis Communications' product documentation, fine-tuning the exposure settings is a recommended step to mitigate flickering.

Disconnecting the power and network cables before replacing a camera lens is crucial because there is a risk of short-circuiting the camera electronics. If the camera is powered on while the lens is being replaced, accidental contact with electronic components can cause a short circuit, potentially damaging the camera.

The AXIS P3807-PVE and AXIS Q3819-PVE are multi-sensor cameras. Multi-sensor cameras have multiple image sensors within a single camera housing, providing wide-area coverage and high-resolution images. These cameras can capture different angles simultaneously, making them ideal for large areas where comprehensive coverage is needed. References: Axis Communications product specifications for multi-sensor cameras.

"A network with large bandwidth is capable of supporting devices with higher bitrates, allowing for higher resolution, frame rates, or more cameras on the network without causing congestion."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"The greater the available bandwidth, the more data (higher bitrate) can be transmitted without causing network issues."

— Axis Web Article: Understanding Bandwidth

In an IP-based video system, audio can be transmitted alongside video over the same network, allowing for integrated audio-video surveillance. This enables the simultaneous monitoring of both audio and visual data, enhancing situational awareness. Additionally, some Axis video encoders support audio functionality with analog cameras, allowing these older devices to be integrated into modern IP-based systems and take advantage of audio capabilities. Axis documentation highlights these features, emphasizing the seamless integration of audio and video in IP surveillance solutions and the extended functionality provided by video encoders.

"A parapet mount is designed for rooftop installations or building edges, allowing a camera to be installed on the side of a roof or wall to overlook streets or other areas below."

— Axis Communications, Installation Accessories Guide

"Parapet mounts are ideal for rooftop and wall edge camera installations, providing a stable platform for outdoor surveillance."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

Axis Official Documentation Extract:

"Axis products support the most widely used video compression formats, including Motion JPEG (MJPEG), H.264, and H.265 (HEVC). These formats allow Axis cameras to provide flexible, high-quality, and efficient video streams suitable for a variety of surveillance needs."

— Source: Axis Communications, Video Compression Technologies

Axis Study Guide Reference:

"The primary compression standards supported by Axis network video products are MJPEG, H.264, and H.265. These standards are designed for efficient transmission and storage while maintaining optimal image quality."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

Explanation of Options:

A. H.264: Supported. H.264 is a widely used video compression standard in Axis products.

B. MJPEG: Supported. MJPEG (Motion JPEG) is supported for scenarios requiring individual frames.

F. H.265: Supported. H.265, also known as HEVC, is supported for more efficient compression.

C. DivX: Not supported. DivX is not used in professional surveillance.

D. SIP: Not a video compression format; it’s a communication protocol.

E. RTSP: Not a compression algorithm; it's a streaming protocol.

"Bandwidth refers to the maximum rate of data transfer across a given network path. It is measured in bits per second (bps) and determines how much data can be transmitted over a network in a given amount of time."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"Bandwidth is a measure of the network's capacity to carry data, not the amount of data a device produces or the storage available."

— Axis Communications, Understanding Bandwidth

Continuous recording ensures that no incidents are missed by capturing video footage continuously, without any gaps. This is crucial in security applications where it is important to have a complete record of events, enabling thorough investigations and evidence collection. Continuous recording ensures that every moment is documented, providing comprehensive coverage and peace of mind. References: Axis Communications guidelines on video recording and storage.

AXIS Device Manager is the tool that enables easy upgrade of device firmware. It provides a comprehensive solution for managing multiple Axis devices, including firmware upgrades, configuration, and maintenance. AXIS Device Manager allows administrators to schedule and deploy firmware updates efficiently across multiple devices, ensuring that all devices are running the latest firmware with minimal downtime. This information is confirmed by Axis Communications' documentation on device management tools.

Axis Secure Remote Access simplifies making Axis cameras available over the internet without the need for complex network configurations. This service provides a secure, encrypted connection to access and manage Axis devices remotely. By using Axis Secure Remote Access, users can avoid issues related to NAT traversal and firewall configurations, ensuring a reliable and secure remote connection. Detailed instructions and benefits of using Axis Secure Remote Access are outlined in Axis' support documentation.

PoE (Power over Ethernet) Class 3 corresponds to a power level of 15.4 W at the Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE). This classification allows the delivery of up to 15.4 W of power over standard Ethernet cables to devices such as IP cameras and VoIP phones. This information is based on the IEEE 802.3af standard, which defines the power levels for different PoE classes. Axis Communications' documentation on PoE standards confirms this power level for Class 3.

"For best practices in device security, Axis recommends following the guidelines described in the AXIS OS Hardening Guide, which covers secure configuration, network security, user management, and firmware protection."

— Axis OS Hardening Guide

"Applying the AXIS OS Hardening Guide is the most comprehensive way to protect an Axis device against security threats."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

Fiber optic cables are ideal for long-distance data transmission due to their low signal attenuation and high bandwidth capabilities. Unlike copper cables, fiber optics can transmit data over several kilometers without significant loss of signal quality. They are also immune to electromagnetic interference, making them suitable for environments with high electrical noise. Axis technical references on networking confirm that fiber optic cables are preferred for long-distance and high-performance networking applications.

"The field of view (FOV) of a camera is determined by the focal length of the lens and the size of the image sensor. A shorter focal length gives a wider FOV, while a larger sensor size also increases the FOV."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"FOV = 2 × arctan (sensor size / (2 × focal length))."

— Axis Lens Guide White Paper

"An IR-corrected lens is designed to keep the image in focus for both visible and infrared light, ensuring the camera stays in focus when switching from day (color) mode to night (IR) mode."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

"IR-corrected lenses prevent focus shift when the camera switches between visible and infrared illumination."

— Axis Lens Accessories Guide

A system designer can compare the light sensitivity of network cameras from different manufacturers by checking the specified lux values of the cameras. Lux is a unit of measurement for illuminance, indicating how much light is needed for the camera to produce a usable image. Lower lux values indicate better low-light performance. While field testing can also be useful, lux values provide a standardized and quick reference for comparison. References: Axis Communications product specifications and industry standards on light sensitivity.

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The background of the scene is slightly out of focus due to a shallow depth of field. Depth of field refers to the range of distance within a photo that appears acceptably sharp. A shallow depth of field results in a narrow focus area, causing objects outside this area to appear blurred. This can be influenced by the aperture setting of the lens, the focal length, and the distance to the subject. Axis documentation on camera setup and focus adjustments provides guidance on managing depth of field to ensure optimal image clarity.

Concrete has the lowest reflectance among the listed surfaces. Reflectance refers to the ability of a surface to reflect light, and concrete typically reflects less light compared to sand, grass, or snow. This characteristic is important for surveillance in terms of minimizing glare and ensuring better image quality. Axis Communications' documentation on environmental considerations supports this information.

For outdoor cameras, not using the proper connectors, such as weatherproof or waterproof connectors, can lead to water ingress. This can damage the camera’s internal components, leading to malfunctions or complete failure of the device. Axis outdoor cameras are designed with specific connectors to ensure they are sealed against environmental factors like moisture, dust, and temperature extremes. According to Axis installation guides, ensuring the correct connectors are used is crucial for maintaining the camera's IP rating and long-term reliability.

"AXIS Device Manager gives you access to important device information, including warranty status, device age, and more. This helps users plan for maintenance and replacements."

— Axis Device Manager User Manual

"With AXIS Device Manager, you can view the warranty status of your Axis devices in your network."

— Axis Communications Academy, Network Video Fundamentals, 2022

Quality of Service (QoS) in networking means that different data packets can have different priorities on the network. QoS mechanisms ensure that critical or time-sensitive data, such as video or voice, receive higher priority and guaranteed bandwidth over less critical data. This helps maintain the performance and reliability of essential services even when the network is congested. Axis Communications' technical guides on networking principles and QoS confirm this definition and its importance in IP surveillance systems.

A video encoder effectively turns an analog camera into a network camera by converting the analog signal to a digital format, which can then be transmitted over a network. Additionally, video encoders add intelligent functionality found in network cameras, such as motion detection, event management, and video analytics capabilities. These features enable legacy analog systems to integrate with modern IP-based surveillance solutions. References: Axis Communications product documentation on video encoders.

The maximum distance from a midspan to a camera requiring PoE+ (25.5 W) is 100 meters (328 feet). This distance limitation is due to the standard Ethernet cable length limit, ensuring effective power delivery and data transmission over the network.

A system designer should recommend the installation of standalone multi-channel video encoders when large numbers of cameras are located near the central monitoring room. This setup allows for efficient centralization of video feeds from multiple analog cameras, converting them to digital signals for easier management and storage. Using multi-channel encoders in this scenario optimizes space and reduces the complexity of wiring compared to installing separate encoders for each camera. Axis Communications' guidelines on transitioning from analog to IP systems support this recommendation.

Maintenance is essential for ensuring the optimal performance of outdoor cameras running video analytics. Regular maintenance tasks include cleaning the camera lens, checking and updating firmware, inspecting connections, and verifying that analytics software is functioning correctly. These activities help maintain image quality and ensure the accuracy and reliability of the video analytics. Axis installation and maintenance guides recommend routine maintenance to prevent performance degradation and extend the lifespan of the equipment.

A 1080p camera with a 1/2" sensor typically has larger pixels compared to a 4K camera with a 1/2" sensor. Larger pixels can capture more light, which improves performance in low-light conditions and enhances image quality by reducing noise. This is a critical advantage when clear image capture in various lighting conditions is necessary. Axis documentation on camera sensors and image quality highlights that larger pixels provide better light sensitivity and dynamic range.

For 24-hour License Plate Recognition (LPR) of fast-moving cars, adequate illumination is crucial. Infrared (IR) light is essential because it allows for clear image capture in low light or nighttime conditions. IR light ensures that the camera can consistently capture high-quality images of license plates regardless of the time of day, which is vital for accurate LPR. PoE (Power over Ethernet), processing speed, and interlaced scanning are also important, but without IR light, the system cannot reliably operate 24 hours a day. This information is verified from Axis Communications’ documentation on LPR systems and best practices for lighting.

Broadcast network traffic involves sending data packets to all devices on a network segment, regardless of whether they need the data. This method can lead to unnecessary network congestion and is not efficient for video transmission, which typically requires sending data to specific recipients. Broadcast is generally avoided in network video transmission in favor of more efficient methods like Unicast or Multicast. [Reference: Axis Communications - Network Traffic Management]