SQLis a standard language used to communicate with and manage databases. It allows applications to perform operations such as querying, updating, and managing data.
JDBCis an API in Java that enables Java applications to interact with databases. It provides methods for querying and updating data in a database using SQL.
DBMS (Database Management System)is the system software for creating and managing databases but not directly used by applications for database access.
ODBC (Open Database Connectivity)is another standard API but specific to applications in a broader range of languages and platforms.
GUI (Graphical User Interface)is a user interface and not a method for applications to access databases.
References:
"SQL: The Complete Reference" by James R. Groff and Paul N. Weinberg.
"Java Database Connectivity: JDBC and Java" by Daniel K. Akers.
Questions 5
What is the typical organizing principle of a database?
The relational model is the most common organizing principle of databases. In a relational database, data is organized into tables (or relations), where each table consists of rows and columns. Each row represents a record with a unique identifier, and each column represents a data field. This model allows for easy data retrieval and management through the use of structured query language (SQL).
Questions 6
A company may choose to use CDs, DVDs, hard drives, or even cloud storage for data backup.
Which aspect of data backup does this statement describe?
The statement refers to the different types of media that can be used for data backup. Backup media encompasses various storage devices and methods used to store copies of data. Examples include:
CDs and DVDs: Optical storage media used for smaller-scale backups.
Hard drives: Mechanical or solid-state drives used for local and external backups.
Cloud storage: Online services providing remote storage and access to backups.
Choosing the appropriate backup media is crucial for ensuring data availability and recovery in case of data loss.
References
David M. Kroenke and Randall J. Boyle, "Using MIS," Pearson.
Curtis Preston, "Backup & Recovery: Inexpensive Backup Solutions for Open Systems," O'Reilly Media.
Questions 7
What is scope creep?
Options:
A.
Realization that the organization staffing is inadequate
B.
The extent of the project that lacks needed requirements
C.
Small changes in a project that lead to bigger changes
D.
When the project is completed in less than the required time
Scope creep refers to the phenomenon where the scope of a project gradually increases over time due to small, incremental changes that were not initially planned or approved. This can happen when:
New featuresor requirements are added without proper evaluation or approval.
Stakeholderscontinuously request small changes or additions.
Lack of a clear scope definitionand change control process.
These small changes can accumulate, leading to significant deviations from the original project plan, affecting the project's schedule, budget, and overall success.
References
Project Management Institute, "A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)," PMI.
An algorithm is a defined set of step-by-step procedures or a set of rules to be followed to perform a specific task or solve a problem. Here are the characteristics that describe an algorithm:
Unambiguous rules: Each step of an algorithm must be clearly defined and unambiguous. There should be no confusion in interpreting the instructions.
Definiteness: The algorithm should have a clear starting and stopping point, leading to a precise output after a finite number of steps.
Finiteness: Algorithms must terminate after a finite number of steps. They cannot run indefinitely.
Input and Output: An algorithm should take zero or more inputs and produce at least one output.
Therefore, the correct answer is "Unambiguous rules," as it directly reflects the essential characteristic of an algorithm being precise and clear in its steps.
References
Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson, Ronald L. Rivest, and Clifford Stein, "Introduction to Algorithms," MIT Press.
Donald E. Knuth, "The Art of Computer Programming," Addison-Wesley.
Data is considered information when it has been processed and organized in a meaningful way. Raw data in its unprocessed state is not useful until it undergoes processing to become interpretable and actionable information. Processing can involve sorting, aggregating, and analyzing data to extract valuable insights.
Questions 11
What is true about an operating system?
Options:
A.
It is a firmware burned onto the computer mother board.
B.
It is a software program that directly supports the computer itself.
C.
It is a hardware component of the computer system.
D.
It is an application program similar to word processors.
