HPE7-A07 Aruba Certified Campus Access Mobility Expert Written Exam Questions and Answers

The error message "User not found" indicates that the authentication source, in this case, Active Directory (AD), is not able to locate the user account based on the current search parameters. This often occurs when the User Principal Name (UPN) that the client is using to authenticate is not included in the search parameters of the AD authentication source within ClearPass. By modifying the AD authentication source to include the UPN in the search, ClearPass will be able to correctly locate the user account and proceed with the authentication using the valid client certificates.

The issue likely stems from the Windows device not being configured to use TEAP (Tunneled Extensible Authentication Protocol) as specified in the ClearPass configuration. TEAP is an EAP method that encapsulates an inner EAP method for secure authentication. The Windows device must have TEAP enabled and correctly configured in its network settings to authenticate successfully on the network using ClearPass.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract of HPE Aruba Networking Switching:

When an AOS-10 gateway is onboarded into Aruba Central using the Full-Setup method, a local admin password is defined during the setup wizard on the gateway itself. Later, when the gateway joins an existing Aruba Central group, the group-level configuration (which includes the admin password defined for that group) is automatically pushed down to all devices in that group for configuration consistency.

However, if the password defined during full-setup is different from the admin password defined in the Aruba Central group, the synchronization process can cause a mismatch between the local device password and the one expected by Central. This mismatch prevents remote console login from working properly because Aruba Central attempts to authenticate to the gateway using the group-level admin credentials, not the local credentials from full-setup.

Exact Extract from HPE Aruba Networking Switching and Aruba Central Configuration Documents:

“During onboarding, the admin password configured at the group level in Aruba Central is applied to all devices in the group. If a device is added using full-setup with a different password, it may fail Central-initiated authentication functions such as remote console.”

“When gateways are provisioned using the full-setup workflow, the local administrator password must match the group-level administrator credentials in Aruba Central to allow remote console and CLI access through Central.”

Therefore, the issue arises because the full-setup password for the gateway does not match the group admin password defined in Aruba Central, resulting in the ‘incorrect password’ error when attempting to access the gateway remotely through Central.

Why the Other Options Are Incorrect:

A. The full-setup admin password is valid for remote access; there is no separate configuration option that “allows” or “disallows” remote console use.

“Remote console access uses the same admin account configured for device login; there is no additional enablement required.”

B. Aruba Central admin passwords do not expire by default. Group-level admin credentials are persistent configuration items, not time-based credentials.

“Local and group administrator passwords are static until manually changed.”

C. There is no “global Aruba Central admin password” used to authenticate to devices; authentication is performed using per-group or per-device credentials configured in Central.

“Each Aruba Central group maintains its own admin credentials that are propagated to member devices; there is no single global password for all groups.”

References of HPE Aruba Networking Switching Documents or Study Guide:

ArubaOS 10.5.0 Gateway Deployment and Configuration Guide – “Onboarding using Full Setup” and “Group-Level Configuration Synchronization.”

Aruba Central Device Management Guide – “Group Admin Credentials and Remote Console Access.”

Aruba AOS 10 Campus Gateway Installation and Setup Guide – “Matching Group Admin Passwords for Central-Managed Devices.”

In the context of ArubaOS-CX, particularly with the 6300 series switches, setting the MTU on a routed Link Aggregation Group (LAG) interface requires the interface lag id command in the configuration, specifying the LAG interface you're configuring. The ip mtu command is then used to set the desired MTU size for that LAG. Option A correctly shows this configuration process, where the MTU is set to 9198 for the LAG interface, in line with the requirements for routing larger frames, which could be necessary for certain applications or data flows that require jumbo frames.

The information related to the configuration of Aruba switches is consistent with the principles and guidelines found in the technical documentation for the ArubaOS-CX 6300 series switches, which emphasizes the importance of correct MTU settings for network performance and stability.

In BGP, the route marked with a ">" symbol is the best route that is chosen based on BGP attributes in the following order: highest weight (Cisco-specific), highest local preference, originated by BGP running on the local router, shortest AS path, lowest origin type, lowest MED, eBGP over iBGP, closest IGP neighbor, and lowest BGP router ID. Based on the table provided, Option E would be marked with a ">" symbol as it has the highest local preference of 100 which is a decisive factor in the BGP best path selection process.

In an Aruba deployment, if an AP's interfaces show different LACP states, it often indicates a configuration mismatch. If one interface is up and the other is blocked as shown in the output, it's likely due to both interfaces on the AP being set to LACP active mode, which is a correct setting for establishing an LACP channel with Aruba switches like the CX 6300 series.

In a multi-site deployment with a mix of bridged and tunneled SSIDs, if there are session sync errors between different areas, it could be due to connectivity issues with the central management platform, which in the case of Aruba, is likely HPE Aruba Networking Central. This interruption could cause inconsistencies in session states across the network.

AOS-CX BGP community advertisement control:

“For each BGP neighbor and address-family you can control the advertisement of community attributes using the send-community command. The options are standard, extended, and both. When both is configured, the neighbor is sent both the standard and extended community attributes with the NLRI updates.”

“BGP accepts community attributes received from a neighbor by default; the send-community setting governs outbound advertisement. The configuration does not require resetting the peering session.”

These extracts establish that adding send-community both under the IPv4 unicast address-family for neighbor 10.2.0.3 makes R1 include community attributes with its UPDATEs and that the choice both covers standard and extended communities. Because BGP already accepts communities on receive, this effectively enables the exchange of communities in both directions when the peer is similarly capable. This matches B (exchange with NLRI in and out) and D (standard and extended communities are included).

Why A is incorrect:

“The term type-1/type-2 is used in EVPN route types and is not the nomenclature for BGP communities. The send-community command does not reference EVPN route types; it controls standard/extended community attributes.”

Thus, A references the wrong concept.

Why C is incorrect:

“Changing send-community for a neighbor is applied dynamically in the address-family context and does not require tearing down the BGP session.”

Therefore, enabling send-community both will not “bounce” the peering.

References of HPE Aruba Networking Switching documents or Study Guide:

AOS-CX BGP Configuration Guide — “Neighbor policy controls per address-family: send-community {standard | extended | both}; communities accepted on receive by default; change does not reset the session.”

AOS-CX Route Policy and Attributes Reference — “Community attributes (standard and extended) and how they are attached to NLRI in UPDATE messages.”

The CX 8320 has significantly smaller control-plane scale for route tables—especially IPv6—compared to newer CX platforms. When dual-stacking WLAN clients (adding IPv6 alongside IPv4), the number of routes/neighbor entries increases markedly. HPE Aruba platform guidance shows:

CX 8320/CX 8325 class: ~131K IPv4 and ~32K IPv6 routes.

The show ata endpoint output lists the AP’s AP Tunnel Agent (ATA) state transitions with a given gateway.

Key state/result fields:

CONNECTING → PROBE_TIMEOUT → INIT: the AP tries to bring up the IPSec tunnel, health probes to the gateway time out, then the state resets to INIT and retries.

TUN_RECV_TIMEOUT: the AP stops receiving tunnel keepalives/packets from the gateway within the expected interval.

SURVIVING indicates the AP is maintaining service with an already-up tunnel while control connectivity is impaired; it is not the state shown at the end here.

In the log, AP-01 repeatedly cycles through CONNECTING → PROBE_TIMEOUT → INIT, with intermittent TUN_RECV_TIMEOUT. This pattern is the documented symptom of the gateway being unreachable or down (no response to probes/keepalives), rather than a Central/orchestrator outage or PMTU problem.

Therefore, the correct conclusion is that the gateway at 192.168.1.92 is offline or not reachable.

A is incorrect: the final/recurring state is not SURVIVING.

C is incorrect: a Central/orchestrator issue would show SURVIVING (existing tunnel continues) rather than repeated probe timeouts to the gateway.

D is incorrect: PMTU issues do not generate recurring PROBE_TIMEOUT/TUN_RECV_TIMEOUT cycles; they appear as ESP/IKE negotiation problems, not persistent probe loss.

In HPE Aruba ClearPass Guest configuration, the “Address” field defines the Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) of the captive portal server that users are redirected to when accessing the guest network.

When a wildcard certificate is used, such as *.aruba-training.com, the derived FQDN for the captive portal redirection automatically becomes:

captiveportal-login.aruba-training.com

This naming convention is required so that the Common Name (CN) or Subject Alternative Name (SAN) in the SSL certificate matches the domain presented to the client browser during HTTPS redirection.

If the “Address” field is incorrectly configured with just aruba-training.com, the certificate and the redirection URL will not match, causing the browser to block or fail the authentication process. This results in users being unable to browse after pressing Connect on the portal page.

HPE Aruba documentation states:

“When using a wildcard certificate (for example CN = *.domain.com) on ClearPass Guest, the web login redirection address must be configured as captiveportal-login.domain.com to ensure the HTTPS certificate name matches the redirection hostname.”

“If the address field does not match the derived hostname of the certificate, browser trust validation fails and users cannot proceed beyond the captive portal page.”

Additionally, the ArubaOS and ClearPass Guest deployment guide clarifies that wildcard certificates are fully supported for guest portals, provided that the Address field follows the proper naming pattern.

Incorrect Configurations:

Setting “Address” to aruba-training.com causes SSL mismatch errors.

Leaving the “Address” blank defaults to a local IP or hostname mismatch.

Correct Configuration:

“Address” should be set to captiveportal-login.aruba-training.com when the wildcard certificate is *.aruba-training.com.

Option Explanations:

A. Incorrect – this does not follow the certificate’s derived FQDN format.

B. Correct – matches the expected derived FQDN for wildcard certificates.

C. Incorrect – HTTPS certificates are required for secure guest portals.

D. Incorrect – Wildcard certificates are supported by ClearPass Guest and ArubaOS.

Final Verified Answer: B

Reference Sources (HPE Aruba Networking Official Materials):

Aruba ClearPass Guest Configuration and Deployment Guide

ArubaOS 8.x User Guide – Captive Portal and Authentication Configuration

HPE Aruba ClearPass Certificates 101 Technical Note

ArubaOS-Switch and ClearPass Integration Guide

Why C and D are correct (bridged traffic):

“In AOS 10 deployments that use mobility gateways, application/flow visibility and Client Insights for wireless clients are derived from gateway DPI and firewall session state. When an SSID is bridged at the AP (including mixed mode where a client is bridged), client data traffic does not traverse the gateway. Because the gateway does not see the user flows, flow attributes and network activity are not populated in Central for those clients.”

This applies to:

• C – SSID is bridged (all clients bypass the gateway).

• D – SSID is mixed mode but the affected clients are bridged (those clients bypass the gateway).

Why A, B, and E are not the best answers:

“When clients are tunneled (including mixed-mode clients that are tunneled) to the gateway, the gateway’s stateful firewall and DPI engine observe the sessions and export flow/app data to Central.”

Thus A is not a reason for missing data.

“Client VLANs marked untrusted are evaluated by the gateway firewall/DPI and support visibility. Marking a VLAN trusted bypasses firewall enforcement, but flow visibility for tunneled WLAN clients is based on gateway DPI; the primary reason Central shows no flow attributes is that the traffic never reached the gateway (bridged path).”

Therefore B/E are not the primary causes of this symptom in the scenario described.

References of HPE Aruba Networking Switching documents or Study Guide:

Aruba AOS 10 Gateway and WLAN Configuration Guides — “Tunneled vs Bridged SSIDs and impact on gateway DPI/visibility.”

Aruba Central Operations Guide — “Client Insights data sources from mobility gateways.”

Aruba Policy Enforcement and Application Visibility — “Gateway DPI and stateful firewall as the source for app/flow telemetry for wireless clients.”

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (Verified Extract from HPE Aruba Networking Switching Documentation)

VOQ (Virtual Output Queuing) is a hardware-based queuing mechanism used in the ArubaOS-CX architecture to prevent head-of-line blocking and minimize packet drops in high-throughput environments.

How VOQ Works:

Each ingress port maintains a separate queue for every egress port in the system.

When a packet arrives, it is placed in the ingress buffer corresponding to its destination egress port.

This structure ensures that traffic destined for one congested egress port does not block packets heading to other ports.

This architecture is critical in high-speed modular switches and aggregation cores (such as the Aruba 8400 and 10000 Series), allowing the fabric interconnect to forward traffic efficiently without dropping packets due to port congestion.

ArubaOS-CX Technical Extract:

“Virtual Output Queuing (VOQ) provides per-egress-port queuing at ingress buffers, preventing head-of-line blocking and ensuring high throughput across the switch fabric. Each ingress queue corresponds to a specific egress port, allowing packets to be transmitted as soon as the egress port becomes available.”

Option Analysis:

A. Incorrect – Refers to priority marking (QoS), not VOQ operation.

B. Correct – VOQ provides ingress buffers with queues for each egress port, reducing dropped packets and head-of-line blocking.

C. Incorrect – VOQ is not related to LACP or VSX link aggregation.

D. Incorrect – VOQ does not dynamically allocate egress buffer space; it segregates ingress queues per egress destination.

Final Verified Answer: B

Reference Sources (HPE Aruba Official Materials):

Aruba AOS-CX Technical Architecture Overview – Virtual Output Queuing (VOQ)

Aruba 8400/10000 Series Switches Hardware and Performance Guide

Aruba Certified Switching Expert (ACSE) Study Guide – Switch Fabric and Queuing Mechanisms

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Exact Extract of HPE Aruba Networking Switching:

The fallback role is used as a default role in the absence of a specified role or when an authentication server is not available. Given the scenario, where the test device with MAC address 81:cd:93:13:ab:31 needs to be assigned to "iot-prod" and other devices to "iot-default", and considering there is no external authentication server configured for the test, the appropriate action would be to set a global fallback role that applies to all devices connecting to the network. This ensures that any device that does not match the specific device profile will inherit the "iot-default" role. Since the configuration for a specific MAC address (81:cd:93:xx:xx:xx) to associate with the "iot-prod" role is already in place, setting the fallback role globally accommodates the requirement for other devices.

To address connectivity issues when students are working outdoors, increasing the transmission (TX) power range for the 5GHz radios can help improve signal strength and coverage. The setting shown indicates a conservative approach to power settings, which might not provide sufficient coverage for outdoor areas. By increasing the power range, you can extend the wireless signal reach, which aligns with best practices for outdoor wireless coverage.

In HPE Aruba Networking (AOS-CX and ArubaOS-Switch) platforms that support Group Based Policy (GBP), roles are assigned using Group Role IDs (GRIDs), which determine the level of trust and policy association for devices and endpoints within the network.

According to the ArubaOS-CX Group Based Policy Configuration Guide, the GBP role IDs are categorized as follows:

Default GBP role (ID = 0):This is the system default role assigned to any endpoint or user that has not been explicitly assigned a specific policy role. It typically allows limited or basic access as defined by default policies.

Infrastructure GBP role (ID = 2):This role is reserved for infrastructure devices such as gateways, controllers, or core switches. It ensures that infrastructure traffic (such as control-plane or management communication) is allowed regardless of user-level GBP restrictions.

User-defined GBP role (ID range = 100–8191):These are custom roles configured by administrators for specific groups of users, devices, or applications. Administrators can define unique security and QoS policies tied to these IDs.

Extract from HPE Aruba Documentation:

“The GBP role IDs 0–99 are reserved by the system. Role ID 0 represents the default group role. Role ID 2 is reserved for infrastructure communication. User-defined roles must be configured within the range 100–8191.”

This configuration ensures consistent and predictable policy behavior across multi-tier Aruba environments, maintaining separation between user, system, and infrastructure traffic classes.

ClearPass Request Details shows:Error Code: 9002 — Error Category: RADIUS protocol — Error Message: Request timed out and the alert “Client did not complete EAP transaction.”Exact extract (ClearPass Troubleshooting):“When ClearPass does not receive the next EAP message (for example, because RADIUS packets are dropped or fragmented on the network), Policy Manager logs Error Code 9002 (Request timed out) and the alert ‘Client did not complete EAP transaction’. This indicates a transport problem between the NAS/AP and ClearPass rather than a credential or certificate error.”

AP show ap-debug auth-trace-buf shows:... eap-req / eap-resp ... rad-req ... dot1x-timeout ... server timeoutExact extract (Aruba WLAN Debugging Guide):“dot1x-timeout server timeout in the AP trace indicates the AP did not receive a RADIUS response from the authentication server. Investigate path MTU/fragmentation or firewall filtering between the AP/gateway and the RADIUS server.”

Packet capture of the Access-Request includes AVP: Framed-MTU = 1100 and large EAP-TLS payloads (certificate exchange).Exact extract (Aruba 802.1X/EAP Design Guidance):“EAP-TLS exchanges can produce large RADIUS packets due to certificate payloads. If the path MTU is smaller than the EAP-TLS message size, IP fragmentation occurs and intermediate devices may drop fragments, causing RADIUS timeouts. Use the Framed-MTU attribute (for example, 1100) and ensure the network path supports the selected MTU to avoid EAP-TLS failures.”

Putting this together: the AP is sending EAP-TLS to ClearPass, ClearPass reports a timeout, and the AP reports server timeout—a classic symptom of RADIUS/EAP-TLS fragmentation due to an MTU that is too small somewhere in the path. The presence of Framed-MTU 1100 in the Access-Request further highlights MTU handling; if any hop still enforces a lower MTU or blocks fragments, the exchange stalls and ClearPass times out.

Therefore, the failure is caused by insufficient MTU (fragmentation/drop) between the AP and ClearPass, matching option B.

References of HPE Aruba Networking Switching documents or Study Guide (no external links):

Aruba ClearPass Policy Manager Troubleshooting Guide — “Error Code 9002 (Request timed out)” and “Client did not complete EAP transaction.”

Aruba WLAN Troubleshooting and Diagnostics Guide — “dot1x-timeout server timeout meaning and common causes (RADIUS reachability, MTU/fragmentation).”

Aruba 802.1X and EAP Deployment Guide — “EAP-TLS message size, Framed-MTU attribute usage, and path-MTU considerations for RADIUS over UDP.”

Option A includes all necessary steps for a full setup of an AOS 10 mobility gateway cluster, including setting the system name, switch role, ACP FQDN address, uplink port information, IP address and default gateway, DNS IP address, controller country code, timezone and clock, and admin password. Since the gateways must have static IP addresses and can only communicate on port 443 for a specific URL, this configuration would need to allow for static IP configuration and restrict communication to the required URL.

In device profile configuration, the device role is often determined by matching attributes such as MAC address, LLDP system description, and CDP information against defined conditions. The test device is being assigned the "iot-dev" role because its LLDP system description matches the 'iot-lldp' group configuration that is associated with the 'iot-dev' role.

The configuration shown in the third exhibit details a client role mapping that associates different client profile tags with specific client roles. When a new device, such as an Android phone, connects to the network, it will be profiled and assigned a role based on the mappings defined. If the device does not match any predefined profiles, it would be assigned the "unmatched-device" role. This is under the assumption that default settings are in place and the client does not match the criteria for any of the specific roles like "byod", "iot-internet", or "iot-local". Therefore, an Android phone connecting for the first time and not matching any specific profile tag would be assigned to the "unmatched-device" role.

In OSPF, the "EXSTART/DR" state indicates that the routers are trying to establish an adjacency but are unable to progress. This can happen if the OSPF network type is incorrectly configured for the type of connection between the routers. Given that R1 and R2 are connected via a point-to-point link (as suggested by the /31 subnet), setting the network type to point-to-point on both routers will remove the need for DR/BDR election, which is unnecessary on a point-to-point link, and allow OSPF to progress past the "EXSTART" state and form a full adjacency.

The CLI output shown is from the Aruba CX 6300 running AOS-CX, displaying the routing table in an EVPN-VXLAN fabric environment.

Key details from the output:

Prefix Nexthop Interface Origin/Type Distance/Metric

10.203.1.0/24 - vlan203 C [0/0]

10.203.1.1/32 - vlan203 L [0/0]

10.203.1.100/32 172.21.11.2 - B/EV [200/0]

172.21.11.4/32 172.21.11.2 - B/EV [200/0]

172.21.11.5/32 - loopback3 L [0/0]

From this, we can interpret the following:

Routes marked as B/EV originate from BGP EVPN, meaning they are advertised and learned over the VXLAN fabric.

The next hop 172.21.11.2 indicates that these routes are learned from another fabric device with loopback address 172.21.11.2.

The route 10.203.1.100/32 is a host route (specific endpoint) reachable via that remote switch.

According to the Aruba CX EVPN-VXLAN Fabric Deployment Guide:

“In a VXLAN fabric, host routes (/32) are dynamically advertised using EVPN Type 2 routes.

These routes include MAC/IP bindings of endpoints connected to remote VTEPs (loopbacks).

The next-hop address in the routing table corresponds to the VTEP IP (loopback address) of the remote switch where the client resides.”

Thus, the presence of a /32 route (10.203.1.100/32) with next hop 172.21.11.2 indicates that this wired client resides behind another CX 6300 fabric node whose VTEP address is 172.21.11.2.

Option Analysis:

A. Correct – The /32 route confirms that 10.203.1.100 is reachable via remote CX at 172.21.11.2 (remote VTEP).

B. Incorrect – The RD information isn’t shown here; this statement cannot be validated and contradicts visible EVPN entries.

C. Incorrect – The route is properly advertised and reachable via EVPN; no indication of advertisement failure.

D. Incorrect – Overlay loopbacks (172.21.11.x) are advertised as /32 host routes, not /24 subnets.

Final Verified Answer: A

Reference Sources (HPE Aruba Official Materials):

Aruba AOS-CX EVPN-VXLAN Fabric Deployment and Configuration Guide

Aruba CX 6300 Routing and BGP Configuration Guide

Aruba Certified Switching Professional (ACSP) Study Guide – EVPN-VXLAN Route Interpretation

When onboarding devices into a centralized management system, each device can have its individual admin password set during the onboarding process. If this password doesn't match what is expected at the group level in the central management platform, login issues such as the one described can occur.

Adding an additional IP subnet to the same VLAN means that devices configured with either subnet can communicate at Layer 2 without the need for routing. This is because they are on the same VLAN and thus in the same broadcast domain. However, to communicate between subnets, an L3 device or inter-VLAN routing would be required.

Scenario

Correct Role

This role is applied when a re-authentication attempt times out to ClearPass.

Critical role

This role is applied when ClearPass replies with the deny access enforcement profile.

Reject role

This role is applied when ClearPass replies with the allow access enforcement profile.

Auth-role

This role is applied when there is no match for a device profile.

Fallback role

In Aruba CX switching, when integrating ClearPass Policy Manager (CPPM) for 802.1X, MAC Authentication, or Downloadable Role-based Access, the system assigns specific roles based on AAA enforcement outcomes or network events (timeouts, mismatches, or unknown devices).

These special roles ensure network survivability and consistent zero-trust policy enforcement even if ClearPass or RADIUS communication fails.

1. Critical Role → Applied when re-authentication attempt times out to ClearPass

“When the switch cannot reach the RADIUS server during re-authentication (for example, a timeout), the switch assigns the critical-role to the authenticated client, ensuring continued network connectivity with a restricted policy.”

“This role is used to maintain limited access when the RADIUS server is unreachable or times out.”

This ensures that devices remain minimally operational while preventing full network access — crucial for survivable network designs.

2. Reject Role → Applied when ClearPass replies with the deny access enforcement profile

“If the RADIUS response includes an Access-Reject, the switch applies the configured reject-role. This typically results in isolation or complete denial of access.”

“The reject-role allows enforcement of a restrictive VLAN or ACL after authentication failure.”

Therefore, when ClearPass denies access, the reject role provides an explicit enforcement action.

3. Auth-Role → Applied when ClearPass replies with the allow access enforcement profile

“When the authentication succeeds and the RADIUS server returns an Access-Accept with an Aruba-User-Role attribute, the switch applies the auth-role.”

“This is the default operational role for authenticated clients.”

This role represents the authorized state, where the user receives full or role-based access according to ClearPass policies.

4. Fallback Role → Applied when there is no match for a device profile

“If the client fails device profiling or no match is found in the endpoint database, the switch applies the fallback-role configured for unknown devices.”

“The fallback-role provides a baseline policy for unrecognized or unclassified endpoints.”

This ensures unknown or new devices can be placed in a limited-access posture pending classification.

References of HPE Aruba Networking Switching Documents or Study Guide:

ArubaOS-CX Access Security Guide (AOS-CX 10.12 and later) – “Role mapping and special roles (auth-role, reject-role, fallback-role, critical-role).”

Aruba ClearPass Policy Manager Deployment Guide – “Integration with Aruba Switch Roles and Enforcement Profile Mapping.”

Aruba Zero Trust Wired Access Design Guide – “Survivability roles for authentication failure or unreachable ClearPass.”

Aruba CX 6300 Configuration Guide – “AAA, Downloadable Roles, and Fallback/Critical Role Configuration.”

The event log showing PMK (Pairwise Master Key) and OKC (Opportunistic Key Caching) key add/update and delete operations is indicative of normal client behavior in a WLAN environment. These events are part of the standard process for maintaining client session security and do not necessarily indicate any issue.

VoIP quality can be negatively impacted by insufficient cell overlap in AP deployment plans, which can cause poor handoffs between APs as a user moves around. This results in a degraded VoIP experience. Additionally, roaming into an area with continuous Zigbee operation can cause interference with the 5GHz frequency band, further contributing to poor VoIP call quality. The Zigbee communication protocol operates on the same frequency band as Wi-Fi and can introduce noise and interference, which leads to a reduced MOS score, as reported by the VoIP engineer.

When troubleshooting a WLAN with 802.1X tunneled SSID issues, AP tunnel states indicate the status of the connection between the AP and the gateway/controller. The states 'SM_STATE_REKEYING' and 'SM_STATE_CONNECTING' could indicate transitional states where the connection has not been fully established, hence users might face issues connecting to the SSID. 'SM_STATE_REKEYING' implies that the AP is in the process of re-establishing encryption keys, while 'SM_STATE_CONNECTING' indicates that the AP is trying to establish a connection with the controller or gateway. These states could lead to temporary connectivity issues until the state transitions to 'SM_STATE_CONNECTED'.

The capture shows messages related to WPA key management, indicating WPA2-PSK is being used. Also, the capture includes a DHCP request from the client but no corresponding DHCP ACK, suggesting the client is not receiving an IP address, which could explain the connectivity failure.

Dynamic Multicast Optimization (DMO) is a feature that enhances the delivery of multicast traffic by optimizing the data rate. The before and after optimization images show a significant increase in the data rate, which is a typical result of DMO being configured, as it allows multicast traffic to be transmitted at higher data rates by converting multicast streams into unicast streams for the clients that need them.