NSE7_PBC-7.2 Fortinet NSE 7 Public Cloud Security 7.2 (FCSS) Questions and Answers

According to the AWS documentation for Transit Gateway, a Transit Gateway is a network transit hub that connects VPCs and on-premises networks. To route traffic from Linux instances to the TGW, you need to do the following steps:

In the TGW route table, associate two attachments. An attachment is a resource that connects a VPC or VPN to a Transit Gateway. By associating the attachments to the TGW route table, you enable the TGW to route traffic between the VPCs and the VPN.

In the main subnet routing table in VPC A and B, add a new route with destination 0_0.0.0/0, next hop TGW. This route directs all traffic from the Linux instances to the TGW, which can then forward it to the appropriate destination based on the TGW route table.

The other options are incorrect because:

In the TGW route table, adding route propagation to 192.168.0 0/16 is not necessary, as this is already the default route for the TGW. Route propagation allows you to automatically propagate routes from your VPC or VPN to your TGW route table.

In the main subnet routing table in VPC A and B, adding a new route with destination 0_0.0.0/0, next hop Internet gateway (IGW) is not correct, as this would bypass the TGW and send all traffic directly to the internet. An IGW is a VPC component that enables communication between instances in your VPC and the internet.

[Transit Gateways - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud]

Transit Gateway Connect Specificity: AWS Transit Gateway Connect is a specific feature designed to streamline the integration of SD-WAN appliances and third-party virtual appliances into your Transit Gateway.expand_more It utilizes a specialized attachment type.exclamation

BGP's Role: While Transit Gateway Connect attachments leverage BGP for dynamic routing, BGP itself is a routing protocol and not the core connectivity mechanism in this context.

GRE Tunneling: GRE is a tunneling protocol commonly used with Transit Gateway Connect attachments to encapsulate traffic.

The two best connection solutions available between your company headquarters, branch sites, and the Azure vWAN hub are A. ExpressRoute and E. VPN Gateway.

According to the Azure documentation for Virtual WAN, ExpressRoute and VPN Gateway are two of the supported connectivity options for connecting your on-premises sites and Azure virtual networks to the Azure vWAN hub1. These options provide secure, reliable, and high-performance connectivity for your network traffic.

ExpressRoute is a service that lets you create private connections between your on-premises sites and Azure. ExpressRoute connections do not go over the public internet, and offer more reliability, faster speeds, lower latencies, and higher security than typical connections over the internet2.

VPN Gateway is a service that lets you create encrypted connections between your on-premises sites and Azure over the internet using IPsec/IKE protocols. VPN Gateway also supports point-to-site VPN connections for individual clients using OpenVPN or IKEv2 protocols3.

The other options are incorrect because:

GRE tunnels are not a supported connectivity option for Azure vWAN. GRE is a protocol that encapsulates packets for tunneling purposes. GRE tunnels are established between the connect attachment and your appliance in Azure vWAN4.

SSL VPN connections are not a supported connectivity option for Azure vWAN. SSL VPN is a type of VPN that uses the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol to secure the connection between a client and a server. SSL VPN is not compatible with the Azure vWAN hub5.

An L2TP connection is not a supported connectivity option for Azure vWAN. L2TP is a protocol that creates a tunnel between two endpoints at the data link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model. L2TP is not compatible with the Azure vWAN hub.

1: Azure Virtual WAN Overview | Microsoft Learn 2: [ExpressRoute overview - Azure ExpressRoute | Microsoft Docs] 3: [VPN Gateway - Virtual Networks | Microsoft Azure] 4: [Transit Gateway Connect - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud] 5: [SSL VPN - Wikipedia] : [Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol - Wikipedia]

The exhibit shows the results of a FortiCNP registry scan, which is part of the FortiCNP container protection. FortiCNP’s Container Protection provides deep visibility into the security posture of container registries and images1. The registry scan utilizes Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) index regularly updated by NVD to detect underlying vulnerabilities, security flaws, and provides security best practices2. The registry scan is performed at the registry level, and it can scan all images in a repository if the Tag section is left blank when adding a repository2. The CAP section stands for Container Assurance Policy, which defines the minimum number of images to be scanned per repository3. Therefore, the correct statements are A and C. References: Container Image Scan | FortiCNP 22.3.a, FortiCNP, Cloud Native Application Protection Platform | FortiCNP

B. It is recommended to enable NAT on FortiGate policies. This is because the Azure load balancer uses a hash-based algorithm to distribute traffic to the FortiGate instances, and it relies on the source and destination IP addresses and ports of the packets1. If NAT is not enabled, the source IP address of the packets will be the same as the load balancer’s frontend IP address, which will result in uneven distribution of traffic and possible asymmetric routing issues1. Therefore, it is recommended to enable NAT on the FortiGate policies to preserve the original source IP address of the packets and ensure optimal load balancing and routing1. D. It supports session synchronization for handling asynchronous traffic. This means that the FortiGate instances can synchronize their session tables with each other, so that they can handle traffic that does not follow the same path as the initial packet of a session2. For example, if a TCP SYN packet is sent to FortiGate A, but the TCP SYN-ACK packet is sent to FortiGate B, FortiGate B can forward the packet to FortiGate A by looking up the session table2. This feature allows the FortiGate instances to handle asymmetric traffic that may occur due to the Azure load balancer’s hash-based algorithm or other factors.

The other options are incorrect because:

It does not use the vdom-exception command to exclude the configuration from being synced. The vdom-exception command is used to exclude certain configuration settings from being synchronized between FortiGate devices in a cluster or a high availability group3. However, in this scenario, the FortiGate devices are not in a cluster or a high availability group, but they are standalone devices with standalone configuration synchronization enabled. This feature allows them to synchronize most of their configuration settings with each other, except for some settings that identify the FortiGate to the network, such as the hostname.

It does not use the FGCP protocol. FGCP stands for FortiGate Clustering Protocol, which is used to synchronize configuration and state information between FortiGate devices in a cluster or a high availability group. However, in this scenario, the FortiGate devices are not in a cluster or a high availability group, and they use standalone configuration synchronization instead of FGCP.

The correct answer is A and C. A transport attachment and a connect attachment are necessary to connect a transit gateway to an existing VPC with BGP.

According to the AWS documentation for Transit Gateway, a transit gateway is a network transit hub that connects VPCs and on-premises networks. To connect a transit gateway to an existing VPC with BGP, you need to do the following steps:

Create a transport attachment. A transport attachment is a resource that connects a VPC or VPN to a transit gateway. You can specify the BGP options for the transport attachment, such as the autonomous system number (ASN) and the BGP peer IP address.

Create a connect attachment. A connect attachment is a resource that enables you to use your own appliance to provide network services for traffic that flows through the transit gateway. You can use a connect attachment to route traffic between the transport attachment and your appliance using GRE tunnels and BGP.

The other options are incorrect because:

A BGP attachment is not a valid type of attachment for a transit gateway. BGP is a protocol that enables dynamic routing between the transit gateway and the VPC or VPN.

A GRE attachment is not a valid type of attachment for a transit gateway. GRE is a protocol that encapsulates packets for tunneling purposes. GRE tunnels are established between the connect attachment and your appliance.

[Transit Gateways - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud] : [Transit Gateway Connect - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud]

A is incorrect because the terraform plan command will not deploy any resources at all. It will only show the changes that would be made if the terraform apply command was run. The error message in the exhibit indicates that the service principal details are invalid, which means that Terraform cannot authenticate to Azure and cannot create any resources1.

B is incorrect because you can run the terraform apply command without running the terraform plan command first. The terraform apply command will automatically generate a new plan and prompt you to approve it before applying it2. However, running the terraform plan command first can help you preview the changes and avoid any unwanted or unexpected actions.

C is correct because you must run the terraform init command once before the terraform plan command. The terraform init command initializes a working directory containing Terraform configuration files. It downloads and installs the provider plugins required for your configuration, such as the Azure provider2. It also creates a hidden directory called .terraform to store the plugin binaries and other metadata1. Without running the terraform init command, the terraform plan command will fail because it cannot find the required plugins or modules.

D is correct because the terraform plan command makes Terraform do a dry run. A dry run is a simulation of what would happen if you executed a certain action, without actually performing it. The terraform plan command creates an execution plan, which is a description of the actions that Terraform would take to make your infrastructure match your configuration2. The execution plan shows you what resources will be created, modified, or destroyed, and what attributes will be changed. The execution plan does not affect your infrastructure or state file until you apply it with the terraform apply command1.

For Transit Gateway Connect peers in an IPv4 BGP configuration, the correct statements are:

The inside CIDR blocks are used for BGP peering (Option A): In a BGP configuration for Transit Gateway Connect, the inside CIDR blocks, typically within the 169.254.0.0/16 range, are designated for the BGP peering connections. These blocks are reserved for internal network protocols and are commonly used in AWS for automatic IP address assignment within managed networking services.

You must specify a /29 CIDR block from the 169.254.0.0/16 range (Option C): It is a requirement to specify a /29 CIDR block within the 169.254.0.0/16 range for setting up the network interfaces that facilitate BGP peering. This specific range allows for the necessary number of IP addresses to establish BGP sessions effectively between the transit gateway and on-premises or other virtual appliances.

References: These practices are in line with AWS guidelines for Transit Gateway Connect, which stipulate the use of specified CIDR blocks for internal networking and BGP configurations, ensuring seamless connectivity and routing management.

To keep track of sensitive data files located in AWS S3 buckets and protect them from malware, the administrator should use:

C. FortiCNP DLP policies.

Data Loss Prevention (DLP): DLP policies are designed to detect and prevent unauthorized access or sharing of sensitive data. In the context of AWS S3, DLP policies can be used to scan for sensitive information stored in S3 objects and enforce protective measures to prevent data exfiltration or compromise.

FortiCNP Integration: FortiCNP is Fortinet’s cloud-native protection platform that offers security and compliance solutions across cloud environments. By applying DLP policies within FortiCNP, the administrator can ensure sensitive data within S3 is monitored and protected consistently.

References: Fortinet's FortiCNP documentation provides information on implementing DLP policies within cloud environments, highlighting the capabilities for protecting sensitive data within cloud storage services like AWS S3.

A VPC attachment is the type of attachment that allows you to connect a VPC to a TGW and advertise routes through BGP. A VPC attachment creates a VPN connection between the VPC and the TGW, and enables dynamic routing with BGP. A connect attachment is used to connect a VPN or Direct Connect gateway to a TGW. A route attachment is not a valid type of attachment for TGW. A GRE attachment is used to connect a FortiGate device to a TGW using GRE tunnels. References:

Creating the TGW and related resources

Configuring TGW route tables

FortiGate Public Cloud 7.2.0 - Fortinet Documentation

Updating the route table and adding an IAM policy

For administrators seeking to gain insights into user activities and data within major SaaS applications across multicloud environments, deploying FortiCASB (Cloud Access Security Broker) is the most effective solution (Option C).

Role of FortiCASB: FortiCASB is specifically designed to provide security visibility, compliance, data security, and threat protection for cloud-based services. It acts as a mediator between users and cloud service providers, offering deep visibility into the operations and data handled by SaaS applications.

Capabilities of FortiCASB: This product enables administrators to monitor and control the access and usage of SaaS applications. It helps in assessing security configurations, tracking user activities, and evaluating data movement across the cloud services. By doing so, it assists organizations in enforcing security policies, detecting anomalous behaviors, and ensuring compliance with regulatory standards.

Integration and Functionality: FortiCASB integrates seamlessly with major SaaS platforms, providing a centralized management interface that allows for comprehensive analysis and real-time protection measures. This integration ensures that organizations can maintain control over their data across various cloud services, enhancing the overall security posture in a multicloud environment.

References: Fortinet’s official documentation on FortiCASB details its functionalities and integration capabilities with SaaS applications, highlighting its role in providing enhanced security measures for cloud-based services.

Immutable infrastructure is a DevOps approach that emphasizes the creation of disposable resources instead of modifying existing ones1. This approach helps to achieve stability, consistency, and predictability in IT operations by reducing the risk of configuration drift and eliminating stateful components1.

One way to implement immutable infrastructure is to use a blue-green deployment strategy, which runs two live environments for configuration changes2. The blue environment is the current production environment, while the green environment is the new version of the application or service. When the green environment is ready, the traffic is switched from blue to green, and the blue environment is destroyed or kept as a backup2. This way, there is no need to update or patch the existing infrastructure, but rather replace it with a new one.

References:

1: Immutable Infrastructure, Architecture, and its benefits

2: Introduction to Immutable Infrastructure – BMC Software | Blogs

B. Add route destination 0.0.0.0/0 to target the transit gateway. This will ensure that the Customer VPC FortiGate VM sends all the outbound internet traffic through the Security VPC, where it can be inspected by the Security VPC FortiGate VMs1. The transit gateway is a network device that connects multiple VPCs and on-premises networks in a hub-and-spoke model2. D. Deploy an internet gateway, associate an EIP in the private subnet, edit route tables, and add a new route destination 0.0.0.0/0 to the target internet gateway. This will allow inbound HTTPS access to the Customer VPC FortiGate VM from the internet, by creating a public route for the private subnet where the FortiGate VM is located3. An internet gateway is a service that enables communication between your VPC and the internet4. An EIP is a public IPv4 address that you can allocate to your AWS account and associate with your resources. E. Deploy an internet gateway, associate an EIP in the public subnet, and attach the internet gateway to the Customer VPC. This will also allow inbound HTTPS access to the Customer VPC FortiGate VM from the internet, by creating a public route for the public subnet where the FortiGate VM is located3. This is an alternative solution to option D, depending on which subnet you want to use for the FortiGate VM.

The other options are incorrect because:

Adding a route with your local internet public IP address as the destination and target transit gateway will not allow inbound HTTPS access to the Customer VPC FortiGate VM from the internet, because it will only apply to traffic coming from your specific IP address, not from any other source on the internet1. Moreover, it will not ensure that the outbound internet traffic goes through the Security VPC, because it will only apply to traffic going to your specific IP address, not to any other destination on the internet1.

Adding a route with your local internet public IP address as the destination and target internet gateway will not allow inbound HTTPS access to the Customer VPC FortiGate VM from the internet, because it will bypass the Security VPC and send the traffic directly to the Customer VPC1. Moreover, it will not ensure that the outbound internet traffic goes through the Security VPC, because it will only apply to traffic going to your specific IP address, not to any other destination on the internet1.

A. Use the terraform destroy command. This command is used to remove all the resources that were created using the Terraform configuration1. It is the opposite of the terraform apply command, which is used to create resources. The terraform destroy command will first show a plan of what resources will be destroyed, and then ask for confirmation before proceeding. The command will also update the state file to reflect the changes. D. The administrator must manually delete the Linux server. This is because the Linux server was not deployed using Terraform, but using AWS Marketplace2. Therefore, Terraform does not have any information about the Linux server in its state file, and cannot manage or destroy it. The administrator will have to use the AWS console or CLI to delete the Linux server manually.

The other options are incorrect because:

There is no terraform validate command. The correct command is terraform plan, which is used to show a plan of what changes will be made by applying the configuration3. However, this command does not delete any resources, it only shows what will happen if terraform apply or terraform destroy is run.

There is no terraform destroy all command. The correct command is terraform destroy, which will destroy all the resources in the current configuration by default1. There is no need to add an all argument to the command.